Political Structure
Malaysia
Federated Constitutional Monarchy
The King appoints a Prime Minister and, on the Prime Minister’s advice, the Cabinet established.
Yang Di-pertuan Agong (King or Supreme Sovereign), elected by and from among the nine hereditary rulers of Malaysia’s states. In practice, the post is rotated every five years.
Bicameral federal parliament. The Senate (Dewan negara, the upper house) has 70 members – 26 elected from thr state legislatures, and 44 appointed by the King. The House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat, the lower house) has 222 directly elected members. Senators serve six-year terms and members of the lower house five-year terms
There are state governments in each of Malaysia’s 14 states, in nine of which the heads of state are hereditary rulers. Each state has its own constitution, a council of state or cabinet with executive authority, and a legislature that deals with matters not reserved to the federal parliament. There are also three federal territories, namely Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya and Labuan
The last general election took place in November 2022
The Barisan Nasional (BN, the governing 13-party coalition), the main element of which is the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), holds 134 of the 222 seats in the lower house. The BN has the simple majority that it needs to pass legislation, but not the two-thirds majority that would allow it to amend the constitution
Government:
The coalition government Unity Goverment, consisting of other political coalitions of
Barisan Nasional,
Gabungan Parti Sarawak,
Gabungan Rakyat Sabah
Opposition:
Perikatan Nasional, as the sole coalition not in the Unity Government,
serves as the Opposition.
Prime Minister & Minister of Finance
YAB Dato' Seri Anwar Bin Ibrahim
Deputy Prime Minister & Minister of Rural and Regional Development
YAB Dato’ Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Bin Hamidi
Deputy Prime Minister & Minister of Energy, Green Technology & Water
YAB Dato’ Sri Haji Fadillah Bin Haji Yusof
Minister of Transportation
YB Tuan Loke Siew Fook
Miniter of Health
YB Datuk Seri Dr. Haji Dzulkefly Bin Ahmad
Minister of Tourism and Culture
YB Dato Sri Tiong King Sing
Minister of Defence
YB Dato’ Seri Mohamed Khaled Bin Nordin
Minister of International Trade & Industry
YB Senator Tengku Daruk Seri Utama Zafrul Bin Tengku Abdul Aziz
Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry
YB Dato’ Seri Haji Mohamad Bin Sabu
Minister of Home Affair
YB Senator Datuk Seri Saifuddin Nasution Bin Ismail
Minister of Foreign Affair
YB Dato’ Seri Utama Haji Mohamad Bin Haji Hasan
Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation
YB Tuan Chang Lih Kang
Minister of Woman, Family and Federal Development
YB Dato’ Sri Hajah Nancy Binti Shukri
Minister of Public Works
YB Dato’ Sri Alexander Nanta Linggi
Minister of Human Resources
YB Tuan Steven Sim Chee Keong
Minister of the Federal Territories
YB Datuk Seri Dr. Zaliha Mustafa
Minister of Higher Education
YB Senator Dato’ Seri Diraja Dr. Zambry Bin Abd Kadir
Minister of Education
YB Puan Fadhlina Binti Sidek
Minister for Youth and Sports
YB Puan Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan
Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government
YB Tuan Nga Kor Ming
Minister of Domestic Trade, Co-Operatives And Consumerism
YB Datuk Ewon Benedick
Minister of Natural Resource and Environment
YB Tuan Nik Nazmi Bin Nik Ahmad
Minister of Communication And Multimedia
YB Datuk Ahmad Fahmi Bin Mohamed Fadzil
Dato' Seri Abdul Rasheed Ghaffour
Federal Republic of Somalia
Federal parliamentary representative democratic republic. According to the
Constitution of Somalia, the President of Somalia is head of state,
and Prime Minister as head of government who is appointed by the
President with the parliament's approval.
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud was elected to the post of President of Somalia since 23 May 2022.
The Cabinet is formally known as the Council of Ministers. It is appointed by the Prime Minister.
Prime Minister
Hamza Abdi Barre
The Federal Parliament of Somalia elects the President and Prime Minister, and has the authority to pass and veto laws. It is bicameral, and consists of a 275-seat lower house as well as an upper house capped at 54 representatives. By law, at least 30% of all MPs must be women. The current Members of parliament were selected by a Technical Selection Committee, which was tasked with vetting potential legislators that were in turn nominated by a National Constituent Assembly consisting of elders. The current Speaker of the Federal Parliament is Abdi Hashi Abdullahi.
The national court structure is organized into three tiers: the Constitutional Court, Federal Government level courts and Federal Member State level courts. A nine-member Judicial Service Commission appoints any Federal tier member of the judiciary. It also selects and presents potential Constitutional Court judges to the House of the People of the Federal Parliament for approval. If endorsed, the President appoints the candidate as a judge of the Constitutional Court. The five-member Constitutional Court adjudicates issues pertaining to the constitution, in addition to various Federal and sub-national matters.
Local state governments, officially recognized as Federal Member States, have a degree of autonomy over regional affairs and maintain their own police and security forces. However, they are constitutionally subject to the authority of the Government of the Federal Republic of Somalia. The national parliament is tasked with selecting the ultimate number and boundaries of the Federal Member States within the Federal Republic of Somalia